Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Ethics - Essay Example George is responsible for poor time management that forced him to drive above the speed limit, causing the officer to stop him and give him a ticket. His son is part of the problem because of his illness, and George wants to get him home as soon as possible for him to rest. The officer is at fault for forcing George to go down to the station. He may be exercising his duties in a manner that suggests that he would like a financial favor from George, causing him (George) to resent him and waste more time. Regarding the problem, the officer could allow George to pay the ticket the following day, when it is convenient for everybody (given that it is a Sunday). George can report to the station after taking his family home, where he can request to watch the playoffs, as he pays the ticket. The third solution is to pay the bribe and each party of the problem is satisfied (and saving on time). Though it is unethical, my solution would be to pay the bribe. The main problem is time, and the officer offering the bribe that will allow George to attend to his son and watch the playoffs, will benefit everyone involved. It is unlawful to carry out corrupt acts, however in a situation that concerns health it is an ideal solution. It will serve as a reminder on the importance of time management. George should pay the cost for poor time

Trends in Fashion Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trends in Fashion Management - Essay Example The essay "Trends in Fashion Management" concerns the fashion management and trends. Moreover, analysis of the case study clearly reflects a continuous process of evolution in the journey of Luxottica (2012) as it continued to materialize itself with innovation in its production, focusing on excellence in the manufacturing processes, and at the same time, acquisitions of successful companies that facilitated Luxottica in creating its brand image in the eye wear industry. Since few decades, technology has played an enormous role in influencing business processes all over the globe. Luxottica (2013) has responded to technology in an efficient manner, and its globally integrated distribution system is one of the major indications of its efficiency in terms of utilization of technology. It has been an observation that in the past, business organizations even with quality products were not able to survive in the global market due to their inefficiency in terms of technology; however, Luxo ttica (2013) has successfully transformed this challenge into one of its qualities that distinguish it from its competitors in the market. With implementation of SAP information system, the company has not only been monitoring its manufacturing and sales progress; however, it has also enabled Luxottica in reducing delivery time and improving its service; in other words, resulting in effective supply chain management that has become one of the most important aspects of successful business organizations.

Analysis of the Demographics in Europe

Analysis of the Demographics in Europe The Demographic Sector in Europe This dissertation will present a historical overview of European population trends before examining in greater detail specific causes and effects of certain demographic changes. In particular, demographic changes which occurred in the UK between 1950 and 1990 and the economic consequences associated with reforms in Eastern Europe will be examined with a view to assessing the possible welfare implications. Environmental stress is increasing, due to both â€Å"unsustainable consumption and production patterns† (including high resource consumption in wealthy countries and among better-off groups in all countries) and demographic factors such as rapid population growth, population distribution and migration. 1.1 Historical Overview In a European context, the population was never more than 100,000. This represented a far lower carrying capacity than gorillas, as humans were carnivores (Emceed and Jones, 1978). Human population began to spread as the Ice Age started to retreat (25,000 10,000 B.C.). Migrations took place into the Ar tic Circle, across the Bering Straits, and also to Australia via Indonesian archipelago. The human population in 10,000 BC was probably double what it was in 100,000 BC (earliest appearance of homo sapiens) – standing at approximately 4 million. The increase had been achieved by increasing range and opening up new territories -not by new food technologies. Population density was thus traditionally low. This was to change with the switch from traditional food (hunter)gatherer to food production (Old Stone Age paleolithic 30,000 BC -to New Stone Age neolithic 6,000 BC) and as a consequence, population density increased from 0.1 km2 to 1 per km2. In the period from 1000BC 400 BC the world’s population doubled from10m to 20m. Greece’s population however, tripled to 3m. Greece’population growth meant that they were able to forge a new civilisation and become the dominant force. Malthusian claims that uncontrolled population growth can potentially lead to population decline as result of increased competition for resources, war, famine and poverty,were somewhat realized through the Asia Minor conquest and an eventual decline in the Greek population to approximately 2million by 1 AD. The population of Italy was the next major European country to experience major growth. By 300 BC the population of Italy numbered 4million people. By 1 AD this had risen to 7 million whilst the total European population was only 31 million. By 200 AD the Roman Empire had 46 million subjects including approximately 78% of this total in Europe. This peak declined to 26 million in total during the following400 years. This obviously leads to the question whether or not economic/ political / military development is a precursor to, or consequence of population development. In Greece the malthusian limits were reached which resulted in out-migration / foreign conquests. Consequently the population of Greece fell between 300 B.C. and A.D. 1, to 2 million .Population density also fell four-fold.   From the 8th century onwards there was a new increase in population,leading to a population level of approximately 36 million by 1000 A.D.,which compares to peak figures from the classical period. Population then continued to increase rapidly for nearly 300 years. By and large,increases were in the north and west, but there were also increases from the east (e.g. Portugal). The population in these regions were,however, relatively low to begin with. The continued population increase was brought to an abrupt halt in 1347 by bubonic plague -Black Death. Increases in mortality and reductions in nutrition had tremendous impact on the world’s population. Between a quarter and third of the population were to perish during this period. There was however, eventually a general recovery and by 1500 the world population was nearing 80 million, increasing to 100 million by 1600. Despite Religious wars, plague and economic upheaval which changed the political scene during the 17th Century, population rose to around 120million by 1700. Economic factors were vital in assuring continued population growth and were symbolized by better technology, sea route sand growing towns. The period 1750 – 1845 was marked by one of major growth.  During this period the population level rose from 140 million in 1750 to 250 million in 1845. Mortality changed definitively resulting in growth being assured unless and until fertility fell. The modernisation and urbanisation cycle had begun with famine and plague seemingly belonging to the past, although there was an extreme exception Ireland. Despite this, Europe’s population reached 450million by 1914. Population in the 20th Century was to be ravaged by both war (WWI and WWII) and mass emigration to the USA, Canada and Latin America. 2. Main demographic trends in the UK post WWII Between 1951 and 1981, the total population of the UK increased from50.4million to 55.9million. The total number of births rose steadily from c.800,000 in 1950 to a peak of over one million (1,015,000) in1964. This was the so-called â€Å"baby boom† of the 1950s and early 1960s. In 1964 the crude birth rate of the UK stood at an all time high of18.8 per 1000. In 1963 the oral contraceptive pill first became available to women, and in 1968 the Abortion Act legalised abortion in certain circumstances. The combination of these two factors, especially the former, initiated a down-turn in birth rate which continued for 13 years until 1977 when the number of live births was 657,000 to give ac rude birth rate of 11.8 per 1000. For two years, 1976 and 1977, the number of births was actually less than the number of deaths and the country briefly experienced a natural decrease of population .Subsequently, during the 1980s, the number of births rose to about700,000 per year to give a crude birth rate of about 13 per 1000. This slight up-turn in birth rate has been explained as a result of couples postponing the start of a family. Between 1965 and 1985 the average age of mothers having their first child increased from 21 to 27 years of age. Mortality in the UK since 1950 has been subject to far less fluctuation than fertility during the same period. The total number of deaths in the UK each year since 1950 has been between 600,000 and 700,000. Crude death rates during a period of 40 years have stubbornly remained within the range of 11 to 13 per 1000. This is significantly higher than the crude mortality rate of most other countries of North West Europe. The causes of death have shown little change over the period with diseases of the circulatory system and cancer firmly established as the main killing diseases and jointly accounting for over 70% of all deaths by the 1980s. The failure of the UK to reduce its mortality rate during the second half of the 20th century has been attributed to various factors; namely, declining standards of health care, the maintenance sofa large stock of obsolete slum housing, high unemployment rates and high levels of poverty and deprivation. In the late-1980s, infant mortality rates, probably the most sensitive indicator of the quality of the social and physical environment for human life, actually rose in many parts of the country. Detailed statistics for the numbers of migrants entering and leaving the UK only extend back as far as 1964. Comprehensive statistics for the numbers of immigrants and emigrants are not available for the period of the 1950s and early-1960s when large numbers of West Indian sand Asians entered the UK. Post-1964 statistics reveal considerable short-term fluctuations in the numbers of both immigrants and emigrants. However, with the exception of just one or two years, the net migration balance is a negative one; that is to say, in most years more people leave than enter the UK. Despite the popular myths about the flood of immigrants entering the UK, the reality is that the UK Lisa net â€Å"exporter† of population in most years. Since the early 1960s,the numbers entering the UK have been checked and reduced by succession of Immigration Acts (1962, 1968, 1972 etc) designed to make the conditions of entry more demanding and settlement in the UK more difficult. The long-term trend for immigration and emigration appear to be related to â€Å"push† factors in the source areas rather than â€Å"pull†factors in the destination area. Thus, peaks of immigration appear to be related to particular overseas events. For example, the expulsion of Asians from Uganda by President Am in in 1972 corresponds with a minor peak in the flow of immigrants into the UK. Conversely, the rising tide of unemployment in the UK during the early-1980s corresponds with as harp up-turn in the numbers leaving the country between 1981 and 1985. One of the most obvious demographic changes in post-war Britain has been its transformation into a multi-racial and multi-cultural society.rior to 1991, the UK Census did not include questions on race and ethnicity, so that it was impossible to obtain precise information about the size and distribution of minority groups. However,â€Å"place-of-birth† statistics derived from the census show that by 1981about six percent of the UK population was â€Å"overseas-born†. The total percentage of overseas-born population is not large, but it is very unevenly distributed. Racial and ethnic minorities tend to cluster in the inner city districts of particular towns and cities. Discrimination in the fields of housing and employment produced tensions and unrest which finally erupted in urban riots in 1981 and again in 1985. 3. Post-war political economy The year 1989 heralded a great change within Eastern Europe, as revolutions throughout the region swept away the communist governments,marking an end to conditions of political, economic and social repression. The major impetus in precipitating change was the desire for freedom on the part of the masses. Allied to this demand for social freedom was a general will for improved standards of living conditions,with the belief of the majority being that this could be achieved through the reorganisation of society along the lines of western-style free market economies. There was certainly a need for substantial economic reform within Eastern Europe in terms of â€Å"freeing up† the market economy and the need for some type of transformation strategy. However, a great deal of debate is concerned not with the actual need for transformation, but with the actual method of transformation. One can best define the argument in terms of the proponents of a gradualist approach to transformation. There are a number of economists who favour a radical approach to transformation, arguing the necessity for speed,comprehensiveness and simultaneity of change, who have been accused by other economists of stressing an over reliance on the market, and of failing to fully understand the nature of market economies. To explore the debate fully it is necessary for one to consider the claims of those economists that are in favour or the radical approach to transformation. â€Å"Both economic logic and the political situation argue for a rapid and comprehensive process of transformation† (Lipton and Sacs, 1990). This quote is from two of the main advocates of the radical approach. They emphasise the speed and comprehensiveness of change within Eastern Europe, believing that there should be a seamless web of transition.The first stage, they claim, should be achieving a macroeconomic stability: â€Å"structural reforms cannot be put in place without a working price system; a working price system cannot be put into place without ending excess demand and creating a convertible currency; and a credit squeeze and tight macroeconomic policy cannot be sustained unless prices are realistic, so that there is a rational basis for deciding which firms should be allowed to close.† Thus as crucial to their arguments for a comprehensive reform process is the need for real structural adjustment, and for this macroeconomic shock to be accompanied by a num ber of associated measures such as selling off state assets, freeing up the private sector, establishing procedures for bankruptcy, the preparation of a social security net and widespread tax reforms. Advocates of shock therapy transformation use a number of political reasons for their emphasis upon rapidity. Perhaps the most important of the political reasons is that the new governments would be best able to carry out strong measures at the outset of their office, and thus deny opponents the chance to subvert the process of change and retain some of the irrationalities of the old style regime. A further argument in favour of the shock therapy transformation is that there is a view of the market as being an institutional package, that it is an integrated and â€Å"organic† whole, the elements of which cannot be introduced one Bata time and in a gradual fashion. Thus certain economists have argued that the only way for the market system to function is if all of it score institutions are introduced simultaneously, with the core institutions being a legal infrastructure, private property, free markets and prices, competition, and macroeconomic policy instruments. However, the shock therapy approach to economic transformation has benignities by a number of economists. Although by common consensus is a definite necessity for change the shock therapy approach presents us with a number of difficulties. Perhaps the greatest problem concerns the nature of markets, for there is little knowledge of how tactually establish a market system. The situation in Eastern Europe is most certainly unique, for never before have there been attempts to establish a market economies from the wreckage of the communist system,since historically the development of free markets went hand in hand with the process of industrialisation. â€Å"Post – communist countries,however, do have a more or less developed industrial infrastructure,social services and political expectations to be governed in some sort of western democratic fashion. In short, our knowledge does not extend to the conditions under which Soviet type economies have to be reformed† (Pick el, 1 992). Andreas Pick el identified a number of criticisms of the shock therapy. The emphasis placed upon comprehensive change stresses the need for the creation of a â€Å"critical minimum mass of market institutions† necessary for the function of the market economy. Picketer that at best we have only sketchy knowledge of what thisâ€Å"critical minimum mass† is, and that claims as to the necessity for comprehensive change ignore the complex realities of the situation.Take for example, what Perry in his list of measures with respect to the creation of â€Å"free markets with free prices: there must be free entry into the market and free exit from it. This mans that there are no barriers to entering market transactions, that workers and manager scan be fired, and that unprofitable firms go bankrupt. There is not as ingle existing market economy that fulfils this requirement† (Pick el,1992). Therefore how can we hope to ascertain what is necessary for the wholesale importa tion of the market economy. The justification for speed on the part of the shock therapists owe sits origins to a conception of two clearly defined and opposite systems, those of socialism and capitalism. Speed is necessary in the transformation because plan and market institutions are said to be incompatible, that the new system will work badly or not at all as lon gas it contains too many elements of the old system. Pick el argues that this is merely another way of invoking the â€Å"critical mass† argument again. â€Å"Granted that the quick establishment of essential institutions crucial for the success of reforms, at which point is it possible to slow this down in order to reduce, for example, some of the social costs of transformation, or to consider alternative options† (Pick el,1992). As with the â€Å"critical mass† argument we have little way of determining how quickly or for how long should the process be continued with pace. The necessity for simultaneity, as emphasized by the proponents of the shock approach, is criticised by Pickle as revealing problems with the radicals’ conception of economics as â€Å"systems†. Pick el mentions’s statement that â€Å"the need for simultaneous action on the institutional front arises from the holistic nature of systems, their essentially integrated order†. Pick el then attacks this stance,claiming that the â€Å"market system† only exists in textbooks, that there are as many institutional configurations as there are actually existing market economies. Essentially, claims as to the necessary institution sand processes are somewhat speculative, for when one considers today’market economies one can see that there have been numerous stages of growth, development and mutation. Virtually none of the modern market economies have developed along the lines of simultaneous establishment of core institutions as prescribed by the shock therapist theorists,suggesting it is indeed possible for transition to the market to be accomplished in disjointed and incoherent ways. It is most certainly possible for one to claim that economists who emphasise the speed, immediacy, and comprehensiveness of reforms in Eastern Europe, both overestimate the properties of the market and misunderstand the nature of market economies. It is important for one to bear in mind that the major difficulty that exists in the attempts to undergo the radical transition process as prescribed by the shock therapists is that the â€Å"wholesale institutional transformation produces range of unintended consequences that will undermine the realisation of the original goal† (Pick el, 1992). To this end Pick el uses the example of East Germany in order to illustrate the â€Å"ideal empirical test case for the strengths and weaknesses of the radical strategy. Pick el begins by claiming that the two treaties between the FRG and the GDR, on monetary, economic and social union and on unification, created what proponents of the shock therapy deem essential – â€Å"the speedy creation of what are considered to be the essential practical and economic institutions and the rules of capitalist democracy† (Picked,1992). Pick el claims that the radical shock therapy approach in East Germany created a number of unforeseen consequences which possessed implications for the future development of the country. The first of these consequences was the collapse of the state sector, resulting in massive unemployment and serious problems in the existing private sector, something which is still affecting Germany’s economy. The second consequence was that the restitution of pre-communist property rights and titles, which produced hundreds of thousands of claims and created an uncertain atmosphere for investors. The third unforeseen consequence was that there was an uninterrupted migration of workers from east to west and the fourth was the so cio-psychological and political disembowelment of large sectors of the East German population, that is, the colonisation or creation of a de facto group of second class citizens. The argument here is that the radical strategy in Germany failed in crucial respects. Rather than create the conditions necessary for sustained economic development, the radical approach led to the occurrence of a number of unforeseen circumstances that led to the collapse of the East German economy, creating lasting structural damage. Pick el claims that since the radical shock theory approach was attempted under rather favourable conditions in East Germany it generates a significant amount of concern for other countries where the conditions are not so favourable. 4. Sustainable development Population growth and distribution have significant roles to play in the sustainability of the worlds vast resources. Not only the number of people, but also the lifestyle, consumption patterns, and regions people inhabit and use directly affect the environment. The relationship between population growth and environmental degradation may appear to be rather straightforward. More people demand more resources and generate more waste. Clearly one of the challenges of growing population is that the mere presence of so many people sharing limited number of resources strains the environment. But when looking at the impact of human activities, the situation is more complicated due to the wide variety of government policies, technologies, and consumption patterns worldwide. The link between population growth and the environment is found somewhere between the view that population growth is solely responsible for all environmental ills and the view that more people means the development of new technologies to overcome any environmental problems. Most environmentalists agree that population growth is only one of several interacting factors that place pressure on the environment.High levels of consumption and industrialization, inequality in wealth and land distribution, inappropriate government policies, poverty, and inefficient technologies all contribute to environmental decline. Infarct, population may not be a root cause in environmental decline, but rather just one factor among many that exacerbate or multiply the negative effects of other social, economic, and political factors. Bio diversity is a term applied to describe the complexity of life. It is generally measured at three levels: the variety of species; the genetic diversity found within members of the same species (what makes you different from your neighbour); and the diversity of the ecosystems within which species live. These three levels are intimately connected. Genetic diversity is essential to the prosperity of the species, giving it the resources to adapt. And the number of species within an ecosystem is closely tied to the health and size of the ecosystem://www.ourplanet.com/aaas/pages/bio01.html # (Rosen,1999). However it is defined, bio diversity is the stuff of life. However far we may be removed from wild bio diversity in our daily lives, it remains the source of our food and most of our medicines. In addition,15 percent of our energy is derived from burning plant materials. Evening the United States, wild species contribute around 4.5 percent of GDP(De Leo and Levin, 1997). Some of our uses are direct. Billions of people still harvest wild orbush food around the world. Between a fifth and a half of all food consumed by the poor in the developing world is gathered rather than cultivated, while at global level we obtain 16 percent of our animal protein from sea fish caught in the wild. The World Health Organization(WHO) estimates that more than 60 percent of the worlds population relies on traditional plant medicines for day-to-day primary healthcare ( Bali ck and Cox, 1996), and 3 000 plant species are used in birth control alone (My ers, 1979). The primary cause of this loss is not hunting or overexploitation,though these play a part, but loss of natural habitat. Habitat loss is generally greatest where population density is highest. A study nobodies data from 102 countries found that in the most densely populated 51 countries (averaging 168 people per square kilo meter), 5.1percent of bird species and 3.7 percent of plant species were threatened. In the 51 less densely populated countries (averaging 22people per square kilo meter), the proportions of threatened species were only half as high at 2.7 percent and 1.8 percent respectively(UNFPA, 1997). 5. Political and socioeconomic geography of Europe The Second World War was a catastrophe in terms of the huge loss of life and indeed by this very fact it can bee seen as an important watershed in the development of Europe. The economic and social development of Europe was severely dislocated and fractured .Industrialisation trends were re orientated to serve the demands of the war machine. Most areas of Europe by the close of the war were facing the same problem, that of reconstruction. The war created the conditions which were conducive for the progressive restructuring of social institutions. The experience of war seemed to demonstrate that central governments could control economic development and most European nations introduced some form of economic planning in the postwar period. The working classes began to have a representative with the emergence of legitimate parties participating in the political process. There was a shift in governmental policy to welfare state policies with post-war Europe recognizing the need to integrate the working classes into political life. There were several factors contributing to the restructuring of Europe and these are important when examining any increase in the welfare of Europe’s population since the Second World War. At the end of the war Europe was divided into the capitalist West and the communist East.This resulted in differential economic and social growth as well as obvious differences in political ideology. The capitalist West benefited from substantial America Aid under the Marshal Plan. Rapid industrial development was favoured in Europe to counter the perceived threat from the East, but also important was the fact that America emerged from the war with expanded industries which were also more efficient and therefore they needed trading partners and investment opportunities. The Soviet Union however, were not as fortunate and suffered heavily from the destruction inflicted upon its people,agriculture and industry, all of which needed to be recreated. The war provided for opportunities of peacetime recovery and prosperity. It had forced and even closer union of science and technology and in the new world it seemed that all problems could be solved through the development and application of new technologies .Damaged production could be replaced by new equipment, raising efficiency and stimulating capital goods industries. The war itself had provided the impetus behind scientific and technological development,which would prove to be the key behind future European development. The great hardships of the 1930’s encouraged the view that national governments had a responsibility to protect and enhance the quality of life through improved systems of social security, health care and education. And it was improvements in these areas of welfare that the population of Europe has, more or less, been a benefactor. Birth rate shave declined in most European countries, whilst in Northwest Europe it was close to, or even below, the replacement levels by the early 1980s.Marriage rates also declined following a relative peak after the war.The lowest levels are again in Northwest Europe, particularly Sweden,whilst Eastern Europe displays the highest inutility rates. The cause for declining birth rates is complex. Women’s rates have changed, there has been increased urbanisation leading to a reduced need for farm labour, increased opportunities for higher education, declining influence of the Church. Of great significance in explaining a decrease in birth rates, and itself an indicator of social welfare, is the infant mortality rate. Infant mortality has been significantly reduced since the second world war. In france in 1950, the infant mortality rate was 52 per 1000 deaths before the age of 1 year old. By 1970 this had been reduced to 18 per 100. Sweden, Norway, Denmark and the Netherlands all had the lowest rates whilst Romania, Portugal and Yugoslavia suffered from the highest rates of infant mortality. In Europe, life expectancy is at its highest levels in history, with the average life expectancy being 75 years for someone in Western Europe and 72 in Eastern Europe. Death rates have decreased in virtually every European country since the Second World War due to improvements in medicine and medical care, sanitation, health provisions and technology. Demographic changes led to increasing proportions of the young and old dominating population structures. The welfare state had to respond accordingly with more emphasis having to be placed upon areas such as housing, education, child support,retirement and pensions. With increasing prosperity after the war,Europeans standard of living significantly improved and this move toward modernity employed classical demographic features involved in the process of modernisation. Several Western European countries experienced decolonisation and reparation of their expatriates and natives of former colonial areas.In Algeria 600,000 people â€Å"returned† to France in 1962 following independence. The boom of the 1960s resulted in some countries needing to attract migrant labour. Indian, North Africans, Spanish, Portuguese,Italians, Yugoslavs, Greeks and Turks all poured into the Northern and Western urban and industrial centres of Europe. Migrant workers were more numerate in the Low countries and exceptionally high in Switzerland, where, in 1974, 37 per cent of the workforce were foreigners. In 1982 there were 4.2 million foreigners working in France every 10th worker in France was non-French. In Germany there were 4.6 million non-Germans, of which Turkish, Italian and Yugoslav workers were the most dominant. These immigrant workers constitute a form of sub-proletariat, taking the jobs natives did’t want to do. They were(and are) often badly tre ated and denied political rights. They usually find themselves in ghettos, and in times of economic downturn find themselves the targets of racial abuse. Urbanisation was a major feature of postwar European society and was in essence a continuation of a nineteenth century trend. By 1975 most Europeans lived in cities – one-third of the Greek population lived in Athens. City growth was primarily the result of rural to urban migration, with such incentives as higher wages, better housing,attractive employment, educational opportunities and more access to recreation and entertainment. Urbanisation, particularly if it is coupled with high levels of immigrants can soon lead to overcrowded housing and poor sanitation. With huge increases in car ownership and the amount of automobiles on the road together with the location of industries in, or on the periphery of, cities, some major urban and industrial centres of Europe have become unpleasant areas in which to live. The subsidised housing which were created for the working classes under the social security provisions of the welfare state were often poor quality and consisted of high-rise buildings located in peripheral areas of the city. The HLM in France and estates on the north-side of Dublin, such as the Allah and Bally are examples of this type of housing. It is evident in such areas that the great disparities in income or certain social disadvantages were not dealt with despite some improvements in health-care, family allowances, education and other social services. Severe social problems face  people caught in the poverty cycle in these areas and, consequently, with such levels of despair, the rates for drug abuse, crime and deviancy are relatively high. The decline of the agricultural sector of the economy and the loss of farm populations was another major feature of post-war Europe. This transition was to be expected as the workforce moved toward an industrially-based economy and later increasingly dominated by the tertiary sector. In 1950 80 per cent of the workforce in Bulgaria was engaged in agriculture. By 1980 this figure had declined to 20 percent. This trend can be seen in several other countries, for example46% of the population in Eire were engaged in agriculture in 1949 but had reduced to 20% of the population by 1979. Spain exhibited a similar trend with 52% of the population engaged in agriculture in 1940 but by1979 this had been reduced to 20% of the population. This trend had the greatest impact on peripheral European countries industrialising after the Second World War. Technological innovations had made agriculture more intensive and mechanised. This initiated mass migration to urban areas, and also was to result in increasin

Dictating Lies and Deception Essay -- Terrorism, Bush

September 11, 2001 marked a tragic day in the history of the United States; a terrorist attack had left the country shaken. It did not take long to determine those who were behind the attack and a call for retribution swept through the nation. Citizens in a wave of patriotism signed up for military service and the United States found resounding international support for their efforts in the war on terror. Little opposition was raised at the removal of the Taliban regime and there was much support for bringing Osama Bin Laden and the leaders of al-Qaeda to justice. Approval abroad diminished approximately a year and a half later when Afghanistan became a stepping stone to the administration’s larger ambition, the invasion of Iraq. The administration would invent several stories and in some cases remain silent of the truth where would prove positive for the Iraqi invasion. It seems they were willing to say anything to promote the largely unpopular and unnecessary war they were resolved on engaging in. Bush had been eager to go to war with Iraq from the moment he stepped into office and the administration's focus was chiefly on Iraq even before the war in Afghanistan had begun. In Where Men Win Glory, the text reveals that â€Å"in November 2001, President Bush and Vice President Cheney had instructed Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld to secretly create a detailed plan for the invasion of Iraq† (Krakauer 192). Though it is almost unthinkable, the United States had been attacked this very month by al-Qaeda. The government should have been duty bound on capturing Osama Bin Laden and disbanding the terrorist group al-Qaeda. Instead, they were fashioning Iraqi invasion plans. Krakauer establishes additional proof of this stating, â€Å"th... ...n Iraq to be over. Yet, the war was far from over and Iraqis were still fighting against what they perceived as an occupation of their country by the United States. As poignantly realized five years later when over 10,000 Iraqis assembled at the very location of the statues toppling for a truly historic event. The New York Times describes that â€Å"[the Iraqis] gathered in Baghdad’s Firdos Square †¦ to protest the security agreement with the United States that is scheduled for a vote† and â€Å"demonstrators hanged a black-hooded effigy of President Bush from a column with powerful symbolism: it supported the statue of Saddam Hussein that was toppled by American troops in April 2003† (Farrell et al.). In May of the following year the Bush Administration would revisit its previous devices to conceal the truth of the circumstances surrounding the death of Patrick Tillman.

Internet and Our Reading Ability Essay

Internet has become a boon for all of us. It gave us the flexibility to get any kind of information on our figure tips, at the comfort of our home and that too very quickly. Few years back getting information about anything was kind of difficult and tedious. People use to read books, go through journals and old newspapers and so on and so forth to fetch any particular news or information. But with the internet boom, everything changed. People started using eBooks, online dictionaries, Wikipedia, online magazines, online journals. Internet gave people the flexibility to search for anything and everything they want with the click of a button, starting from a local address to international news with the search giant called Google. In current scenario, more and more people are becoming dependant on internet for everything in their life. With all these developments and internet dependency, the one billion dollar question is, does the Internet decrease our ability and interest in reading? Does the Internet decrease our ability and interest in reading? Internet, few years’ back this was not known to anyone or may be a very few people. Internet was known to be a medium to communicate, this served as a boon for the software industry and many other corporate. Post’s which took many days and at times months, could be delivered in just few seconds. This made communication fast and easy. Slowly internet expanded its areas and entered into normal people’s life. People started feeling the comfort of sending emails and communication easy and very quick. With the internet god, people starting enjoying the comfort and flexibility. Slowly with research and development, internet expanded its expertise. It became a source of information with huge database of information. Internet gave people the flexibility to get any kind of information that they needed, very fast. This added to people’s comfort and flexibility and they started enjoying the so called internet. As the information were made available, people started feeling the need of having flexibility to search for information with keywords and hence search engines like Google, yahoo, msn were born. Research shows that, as the demand increases, supply also increased. The same thing happened with internet. People felt the need to do more with internet rather than just reading/writing emails and getting information. Slowly internet expanded its wings towards the ecommerce. Groceries, garments, jewelries, greeting cards, flowers and gifts, computers and electronics everything became online. People reduced their showroom visits, and started enjoying the ecommerce which gave them flexibility to buy anything they desire with just few button clicks and with added benefits like home delivery. With so many flexibilities and comforts, people got addicted to the internet. They started enjoying the electronic or online world to be more precise. As the comfort increases, the desires also increase and same thing happened in the internet case. After ecommerce boom, came a big bash called web2. 0, it gave people more flexibility. Here the user was the king. Until now people were just reading information, purchasing items and so on and so forth, but with web 2. 0 concepts came a revolutionary change in the internet world. People were able to do lot many things like writing blogs, social networking, commenting and rating, sharing, collaboration, forming and joining online groups and communities. People were able to attending the online webinars, eLearning concepts, reading academic books or novels online, reading news online and so on. There is no end to the internet and the new concepts coming up. Internet gave people flexibility, flexibility to read, write, search, buy and do whatever they want and feel. Internet is like a genie for everyone, wish anything and you will get. Internet is not limited to big cities it expanded its wings to small villages also, making them all e-dependant. Despite of all these developments, internet didn’t stop; it grabbed its attention towards the students and teachers. Student started feeling the comfort of reading online, making notes, doing research and so on and so forth. Things which seemed like rocket science became a cake walk for them. Internet helped them in finding anything they desire. Students started spending more time online through internet than reading physical notes and books. Kids started playing online games hence reducing their outdoor games. As the internet came with so many comforts, people started enjoying them all and became internet addicted. Internet addition is more dangerous than any drugs. As and when people started enjoying their comforts with the so called internet god, they forgot everything else in life; they started spending more time online. Even for small information they started searching online. Their social circle got affected. But what happened next? Most importantly their patience level decreased towards reading. Earlier people use to read books with lot of patience, going though the index page, turning through the page number they want to read, bookmarking the page where they stopped and so on. But with internet their reading ability decreased. They started feeling impatient about turning page by page to get any information. Ctrl+f (find) became their all time favorite shortcut. They desired these types of shortcut and online methods in their normal life also. Internet which came as a boon for all of us, became a curse for the authors and writers, since people started feeling disinterested towards reading books, rather they preferred eBooks which are way simpler to read and navigate. EBooks provided them flexibility to click on hyperlinks and go to any particular topics, which is not possible through normal books. It gave them flexibility to search for any word they wish to find about in any particular topic or phrase. Internet totally changed the way people work. It changed people’s perception towards reading and writing. Those who were happy reading books started disliking them. They got so addicted to the internet that it became major part of their life for everything. Internet have spoiled people’s mind, thinking ability, reading ability, writing ability and many more things. Those who enjoyed going to libraries and renting books and reading them, now likes to go to online libraries and read eBooks. Those who enjoyed reading newspapers now like reading news online in news sites. Those who liked reading or knowing general knowledge through GK books now like finding them online through Google or any such search engine. Those who liked doing research by collecting books and as many articles as possible, now like going online and referring online articles, links and books. Everything changed! People find it flexible and comfortable to read online for one more added reason that is information is available free of cost. Internet gave people everything they can desire in their life starting from comfort, flexibility to knowledge, technologies, gadgets and widgets and many more things. But it took away the patience from them. People don’t want to apply their brains anywhere else but only on the internet and doing things online. Obviously why do they need to apply brains? When everything they want is getting them available efficiently, fast and with the same quality and with lots and lots of flexibility, why would they like to do things without internet. With all the points above, the only conclusion is the internet may be a boon for all of us to lead a comfortable life, but internet has taken away one very important things from all our lives, and that is readability. References http://news. zdnet. com/2100-9595_22-243997. html Is Google Making Us Stupid? http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F Internet Age: Are We Losing Our Ability to Read and think? http://www. realtruth. org/articles/090105-006-science. html Leonard, Pitts. Is the Internet robbing us of the ability to read — and think? http://www. sj- r. com/archive/x833711685/Leonard-Pitts-Is-the-Internet-robbing-us-of-the-ability-to-read- and-think Nicholas, Carr (2008). Is Google Making Us Stupid?

Experience of Hope Among Caregivers: Concept Analysis Essay

The term hope refers to undetectable strength that permits us to overcome our weaknesses, boosts us up when we fall, and continue to motivate us to move forward in any given situation. The theoretical description of hope is not universal but many shared elements are present in the definition of hope (Herth, 2000). According to Cutcliffe and Herth (2002), review of the literature has shown eight distinct key elements that outline and describe hope, such as, multidimensional, dynamic in nature, essential to life, focused on the future, personalized, part of a process, goal oriented, and connected to nursing (Table 8, p.839). The theoretical background for this analysis is grounded on concept of hope as established by Herth, who based her theory on Stress Appraisal & Coping outline by Lazarus and Folkman (Borneman, Stahl, Ferrell & Smith, 2002). Analysis of concept of hope among caregivers using Walker and Avant approach will expend the understanding of the concept. Clarification of defining attributes of hope, identification of antecedents that affect the insight of hope, discussion of probable consequences of hope, and explanation of the significance of terms will help the author and the reader with sharing of mutual language. Connection of hope to the vital attributes will be shown by the use of model case. Contrary and borderline case will distinguish this concept from other nursing concepts. Review of empirical literature will provide proof of this concept existence. Aims or Purpose In general, analysis of specific concept â€Å"aims to pull apart an interesting phenomenon with a view to understanding more about what it is and how it works in practice† (Tutton, Seer, & Langstaff, 2009, p. 120). The objective of concept analysis is to comprehend what is the concept about and differentiate it from other concepts. Furthermore, in order to modify and explain concept that originates from nursing research, theory or practice a concept analysis is conducted. Concepts are the building blocks for nursing theories and their examination is vital to active and correct implementation (Maputle & Donavon, 2013). In nursing, the concept of hope plays significant part in the plan of care. It is assumed that this concept analysis of hope  among caregivers will help nurse’s acquire better knowledge of the concept and help them implement gained understanding in patient-centered care settings. Accurate assessment of fading hope among caregivers will allow for implementation of supporting interventions. Application of patient-centered interventions, based on acquired findings, will help with delivery of evidence-based holistic care (Duggleby et al., 2009). Literature Review Caregivers of dementia patients face many challenges on a daily basis and their hope is â€Å"very much tied to how the person they were carrying for was doing that day† (Duggleby, Williams, Wright, & Bollinger, 2009, p. 517). The experience of carrying for a patient with dementia is perceived to be distinctive and as vital to the experience as the illness itself. The research has shown that physical, psychological, and spiritual stress is part of everyday struggles among caregivers. Furthermore, their physical and mental health is affected by the experience of caregiving. Hope among caregivers of dementia patients’ balances stress and sense of well-being (Duggleby et al., 2009). According to Herth (2000), hope is â€Å"one of the most essential elements in the lives of people with cancer† and has influence on â€Å"effective coping, especially during times of loss, suffering, and uncertainty† (p. 1431). Contribution from hope to enhancement of quality of life and impact on the progression of disease, among cancer patients, has been noted. Nursing practice has been known for contributing to support people in enhancing and preserving their hope (Herth, 2000). Terminally ill patients perceive hope as a treatment or cure that can extend their life regardless of their terminal diagnosis. They depend on hope for energy to keep moving forward when promising treatments fail to deliver positive outcomes. Hope can offer the capability to tolerate distress and cope with unbearable situation. Overall, â€Å"hope is exactly what is needed to stay engaged in the living while shouldering the burden of an uncertain future† and it â€Å"gives life meani ng, direction, and an optimistic focus† (Johnson, 2007, p. 451). Uses of Concept The concept of hope is vital in terms of disease and health problems. Milne, Moyle, and Cooke (2009) examined the significance of hope for patients  diagnosed with chronic disease, such as COPD. The live of individuals and their family members is burden by chronic illness. Dealing with condition that is chronic, on a daily basis, requires constant life modifications and hope is known for contribution to better understanding of illness and enhances future outcomes. Additionally, â€Å"hope is an intrinsic part of being human; a basic human response essential for life and to have no hope is to plunge into despair† (Milne, Moyle, &Cooke, 2009). Hope has been known as a significant part of patients’ existential needs, especially among patients that are terminally ill. Maintaining hope among home-bounded palliative patients was analyzed by the use of social and psychological approach by Olsson, Ãâ€"stlund, Strang, Grassman, and Friedrichsen (2010). Considering that hope â€Å"is a dynamic experience that is central to attaining both a meaningful life and dignified death†, terminally ill patients, uphold it by conversing about their future and by getting emotional and practical support (Olsson et al., 2010, p. 607). Elements that nurture hope among terminally ill patients include: family support, faith, short-term goal attainment, and presence of symbols that are associated with hope (Olsson, 2010). Defining Attributes The defining attributes of hope are relief of burden and inner strength. Carrying for a loved one, who has chronic or terminal illness, can influence negatively quality-of-life and overall health. The negative consequences, such as physical, social, and economic stress can be defined as burden of caregiving. Caregivers have many roles and responsibilities that can affect that burden. Some of the negative outcomes experienced by caregivers are: â€Å"stress, anxiety, depression, sleep deprivation, physical pain, and other chronic health conditions† (Williams et al., 2013). Additionally, fear of unknown and loneliness are included in the caregivers’ experience. In order to manage every day challenges, caregivers rely on hope as a psychosocial and spiritual source (Williams et al., 2013). Hope as a psychosocial and spiritual source provides support to caregivers during challenging transitions and provides support to improve their quality of life. It is part of the experience of caregiving, especially the uncertainty of the future. In many situations, hope serves as an inner strength to keep going and having an optimistic view of the future. Many caregivers refer to hope  as an inner source for coping with given situation (Williams et al., 2013). Model Cases Caregivers of chronically or terminally sick patients rely on hope during everyday struggles. The following model cases are presented to portray how caregivers experience hope when their loved ones suffer from chronic or terminal illness. A caregiver of a person suffering from Alzheimer’s disease states: â€Å"I think hope is the future, hope is what we do every day of our lives†¦I think hope is to overcome any obstacles that come in our way† (Duggleby et al., 2009, p. 517). â€Å"Hope is what happens to me every day†¦.It is what drives us and gets us up in the morning† (Duggleby et al., 2009, p.517). It is the inner strength that helps us to overcome obstacles on a daily basis. Everyday challenges faced by caregivers can be managed by incorporation of hope into finding some relief of the burden of caregiving. â€Å"The initial cancer diagnosis was just over a year ago†¦A few weeks ago we received bad news that was hard to take in†¦My partner is not showing any emotion and says he accepts it, but I am feeling anger, sadness, and fear. I am still shocked with the soberness†¦I try to be the best person I can be, but sometimes it is hard to find the strength to do that†¦I guess I need to look for hope every day because it is the one part of disease that I can control, unlike how the cancer progresses†¦But I can chose to hope. There may be light at the back of the tunnel yet – every once in a while it sneaks in when I’m not looking† (Williams et al., 2013). Additional Cases Additional cases provide an example of what the concept is not and deliver supplementary clarification (Walker & Avant, 2011). Two additional cases, contrary and borderline, are discussed to provide clarification of the concept of hope. Contrary Case â€Å"Mr. B is a 62-year-old Caucasian who is carrying for 72-year-old Filipino wife with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Mrs. B has completed several lines of chemotherapy with disease progression. Mr. B is in excellent health with no chronic health problems, and he works full time as a manager. They have two children and five grandchildren†¦Mr. B and his wife do not see eye to eye on important issues and they have different styles of  coping. Mr. B was raised as a Protestant but does not subscribe to any religion as an adult. Mrs. B is a Catholic and gains support from her faith and church community. Mr. B finds meaning and purpose in life from his family and providing for their needs. He also derives meaning from his work while experiencing the stress of multiple demands on his time. Mr. B has great difficulty coping with his wife’s disease and treatment†¦Mr. B describes waves of emotion and an inability to control his feeling of helplessness, ange r, and fear. He chooses not to share his feelings with his wife for fear that he may cause her more distress. While struggling with many unknowns, Mr. B anticipates being alone in the home the couple has shared for more than 40 years. He perceives that his responsibility as a caregiver is to protect Mrs. B from suffering and negativity (Fujinami, Otis-Green, Klein, Sidhu, & Ferrell (2012), p. E213). This case study presents a scenario of struggling with burden of caregiving. Mr. B has no inner strength to cope with his situation. He feels hopeless and decides not to inform his wife about struggles with his role as caregiver and fading hope. Open communication with his wife about struggles with many unknowns could bring Mr. B some hope and relief from burden of his wife’s disease. Borderline case Some of the critical attributes of the concept of hope are present in a borderline case (Walker & Avant, 2011). The next case offers similar attributes to the main concept . â€Å"A 46-year-old woman, incompletely injured at C5, moving around with the aid of crutches and a wheelchair, described her personal experiences of faith, hope and will power: ‘I really have hope, you always have hope, you just hope to manage a new, little thing, and then you hope to succeed†¦and if you have faith, then you hope and then†¦and all the time you have this (hope) within you, and to keep it (the hope) you need the will as well as the belief that you will make it†¦And she summarized her years’ experience as follows: ‘I really need to have hope. I need both faith and hope to cope with this. And willpower. Because if I give up, I will end up sitting here (in a wheelchair) and nothing can help me† ( Lohne, & Severinsson, (2005), p. 319). According to this case, f aith, hope and will power are relentlessly related. Patients who suffer from traumatic injuries depend on on hope to cope with a new situation. They also need  willpower, faith to hope and effectively cope with lifestyle changes. Antecedents and Consequences The circumstances or instances occurring prior to main concept are the antecedents (Walker & Avant, 2011). Antecedent to hope can be related to crisis. The examples of crisis include: terminal or chronic illness, hardship, harm, a life frightening condition, or a change. Tough decision that needs to be made or a challenge in one’s life could also be an antecedent to hope. Overall, antecedent to hope can be anything that is crucial in persons’ life since hope is exceptionally linked to persons’ life experiences (Stephenson, 1991). â€Å"The consequences or outcomes of hope can be a new perspective† (Stephenson, 1991, p. 1459). Hope provide inner strength, empower and energy in ones’ life experience. Fulfillment of hope delivers encouragement, purpose for ones’ actions, calmness, and relief (Stephenson, 1991). Empirical Referents The theoretical framework offers different structure for understanding the concept of hope. Herth (2000) pursued to establish if theory driven interventions enhance hope and quality-of-life among participants with an initial relapse of cancer. Groundwork for this study was constructed on The Hope Process Framework. Implementation of nursing interventions during group session intended to focus on diverse attributes of hope, such as experimental (searching for hope), spiritual or transcendent (expending the boundaries), relational (connecting with others), and rational thought (building the hopeful veneer) (Herth, 2000, p. 1434). This study has shown that by focusing on the four attributes of hope, patient-centered nursing interventions enhance the level of hope and increase patient’s quality of life. Suitable research instruments are mandatory to assess the concept of hope. In order to measure the level of hope Herth Hope Index (HHI) can be used. HHI is a valuable instrument that is used to measures hope using 12-item Likert-type scale. The level of hope among terminally ill patients was assessed by the use of HHI and Background Data Form (BDF). The BDF delivered information on age, sex, diagnosis, and level of education, activity and fatigue. The results have shown no influence on the level of hope by those variables, moreover, reveling that hope remained stable  (Herth, 1990). Conclusion This paper sought to deliver concept analysis of hope. The understanding of this concept analysis was based on literature, attributes, and empirical evidence. The critical attributes, antecedents, and consequences were identified and empirical reference was provided for better understanding. Hope as a concept is multidimensional and the understanding of hope among caregivers of chronically or terminally ill patients is significant. Hope gives inner strength and relief of burden of caregiving daily and should be nurtured and cherished before it fades. References: Borneman, T., Stahl, C., Ferrell, B., & Smith, D. (2002). The concept of hope in family caregivers of cancer patients at home. Journal of Hosipce and Pallitive Nursing, 4(1), 21-33. Retrieved from http://prc.coh.org/CHopeFCG.pdf Cutcliffe, J., & Herth, K. (2002). Concept of hope. The concept of hope in nursing 1: its origins, background and nature. British Journal Of Nursing, 11(12), 832. Duggleby, W., Williams, A., Wright, K., & Bollinger, S. (2009). Renewing everyday hope: the hope experience of family caregivers of persons with dementia. Issues In Mental Health Nursing, 30(8), 514-521. doi:10.1080/01612840802641727 Fujinami, R., Otis-Green, S., Klein, L., Sidhu, R., & Ferrell, B. (2012). Quality of Life of Family Caregivers and Challenges Faced in Caring for Patients With Lung Cancer. Clinical Journal Of Oncology Nursing, 16(6), E210-20. doi:10.1188/12.CJON.E210-E220 Herth, K. (1990). Fostering hope in terminally-ill people. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 15(11), 1250-1259. doi:10.1 111/j.1365-2648.1990.tb01740.x Herth. K. (1999). Herth Hope Index. Retrieved from http://www.promotingexcellence.org/downloads/measures/herth_hope_index.pdf Herth, K. (2000). Enhancing hope in people with a first recurrence of cancer. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 32(6), 1431-1441. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01619.x Johnson, S. (2007). Hope in the terminal illness: an evolutionary concept analysis. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 13(9), 2007. Lohne, V., & Severinsson, E. (2005). Patients’ experiences of hope and suffering during the first year following acute spinal cord injury. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 14(3), 285-293. Maputle, M. S., & Donavon, H. (2013). Woman-centred care in childbirth: A concept analysis (Part 1). Curationis, 36(1), 1-8. doi:10.4102/curaionis.v36i1.49 Milne, L., Moyle, W., & Cooke, M. (2009). Hope: a construct central to living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International Journal Of Older People Nursing, 4(4), 299-306. doi:10.1111/j.1748-3743.2009.00185.x Olsson, L., Ãâ€"stlund, G., Grassman, E., Friedrichsen, M., & Strang, P. (2010). Maintaining hope when close to death: insight from cancer patients in palliative home care. International Journal Of Palliative Nursing, 16(12), 607-612. Stephenson, C. (1991). The concept of hope revisited for nursing. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 16(12), 1456-1461. Tutton, E., Seer, K., & Langstaff, D. (2009). An exploration of hope as a concept for nursing. Journal of orthopedic nursing, 13(3), 119-127. Retrieved from http://www.hopeforthespirit.info/quality_we bquest/Tutton_et_al_2009.pdf Walker, L.O., & Avant, K.C. (2011). Strategies for theory construction in nursing (5th ed.). Norwalk, CT: Appleton, Lange. Williams, A., Duggleby, W., Eby, J., Cooper, R., Hallstrom, L., Holtslander, L., & Thomas, R. (2013). Hope against hope: exploring the hopes and challenges of rural female caregivers of persons with advanced cancer. BMC Palliative Care, 12(1), 44. doi:10.1186/1472-684X-12-44

iPad Shortcuts for Students

iPad Shortcuts for Students iPad Shortcuts for Students The influence and growth of modern digital technologies is undeniable. More and more spheres are going digital and information technologies are getting more and more sophisticated. Brand new devices can even be confusing at times! Along with the number of possibilities that become available with the help of new gadgets, the number of potential complications increases too! Today students commonly use iPad for a number of its advantages. First, its comparatively small and portable. Second, being equipped with a number of functions, it makes a student’s life easier! The tips suggested in the following article can help students get the most out of their iPad by using it effectively. Easy shifting among the apps To make your work with iPad quick you have to learn how to shift between various apps. As the vice president of the Gravit8 Marketing Andrea Morcherman, suggests, the best possible way to open the multitask menu is to tap the home button twice or to swipe upwards with four fingers (Flavin, 2014). In this way you’ll open all the apps which you’ve recently used. You can also use this method to copy and paste information from one app into another. Get more with the triple click! Its quick and easy to open the multitasking bar with a double-click. One interesting fact is that a triple-click will increase general access in general settings to the menu. A simple triple-click will activate additional options like changing the colour of the screen, zoom function and voiceover (Flavin, 2014). Make typing more convenient A majority of people use both hands when typing. Though holding your tablet this may turn out to be rather challenging! Find the keyboard button and hold it in the right bottom corner and select the option split. You’ll get two halves of the keyboard on each side of the screen. You’ll then be able to type with both thumbs while holding the gadget upright (Flavin, 2014). Isnt it much more convenient to use two parts of the keyboard instead of one? Creating a foreign language massage on your iPad Sometimes you need to type some information or just a single word in a foreign language using a simple English language keyboard. This can be discouraging! Still, theres a perfect solution! Its simple to get access to the whole range of accents and characters by just holding a letter down until you notice the grid on the screen (Flavin, 2014). Taking immediate screen shots As your iPad encompasses the function of a camera, you have a nice chance to take any kind of pictures, and save them, no matter what it might be: a menu in a cafà © or the schedule of your sessions for the next semester. To make an immediate screenshot, hold the home button and the Sleep\Wake button, which is on top right corner of your iPad simultaneously for a few seconds. Soon you’ll notice that the screenshot you need is in the camera roll (Flavin, 2014). Bingo! As easy as that! Create your own list of abbreviations Theres always a number of addresses which are frequently used. It can be good idea to make the list of abbreviations in your General Settings. Your first step is to type some text in the phrase box. Second, add the abbreviation that will be connected with this text into the shortcut box. Done! Next time instead of typing the name of the site you often use, it will be inserted by means of auto-fill function after typing just a few initial letters. Why not save time this way? Enjoy using E-books for your studies One essential advantage from your iPad can save money! Prices often tend to increase and delivery service is sometimes late. Taking into account the opinion of Jordan Schiefer, IT and web specialist, by installing Apples iBook application, students can forget about spending money on textbooks and download any course textbook they need! Flavin. 10 iPad Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier. 5 Apr. 2014. http://rasmussen.edu/

A Proposal For An Anti Stigma Awareness Program Social Work Essay Essay Example

A Proposal For An Anti Stigma Awareness Program Social Work Essay Essay Example A Proposal For An Anti Stigma Awareness Program Social Work Essay Essay A Proposal For An Anti Stigma Awareness Program Social Work Essay Essay The nucleus of stigma is a judgmental attitude aimed at person fighting mental unwellness. Even today these attitudes persist and produce damaging effects go forthing person who struggles with mental unwellness feeling rejected and less valued. Consequently, these attitudes can impede recovery, which in bend, underscore feelings of weakness and marginalisation. This writer presents an educational consciousness plan directed at the pupils of Spring Woods High School in Houston, Texas ; with the purpose of turn toing the stigma of mental unwellness on a community degree. This proposal outlines the plan, its leading and support, and the function of psychologists and allied professionals in the community. It presents a helpful review of the plan, and takes into history all possible results. A plan rating is offered as a manner of mensurating its effectivity. Literature identifies societal stigma as a turning cosmopolitan concern in the bringing of wellness attention and human services ( Link, Struening, Neese-Todd, Asmussen, A ; Phelan, 2001 ) . A recent diagnosing of mental unwellness, for case, may endanger one s sense of individuality. The state of affairs is farther aggravated when 1 s household and immediate community, are perceived to respond negatively to the forecast. When this happens, people tend to hide their unwellness to avoid feelings of shame and being marginalized. The ensuing stigma is frequently carried over to the work force and health care scenes where a individual fighting with mental unwellness relates with detached and apathetic equals and health care givers. In due class, the societal banishment can take to avoidance of intervention for the unwellness ( Link A ; Phelan, 2006 ) . Goffman s ( 1963 ) seminal work defines stigma as a detrimental property or a smudge against one s individuality, as such, person to be shunned or ignored in a civil society. Literature in stigma is well extended, to include of import issues refering to policy, economic sciences, civilization and mental wellness ( Keusch, Wilentz, A ; Kleinman, 2006 ) . Mental unwellness is still a negative characteristic that continues to act upon societal dealingss ( Corrigan A ; Watson, 2006 ) . By and large, stigma embodies the populace s countenance of a aggregation of prejudiced attitudes, hurtful emotional responses, prejudiced behaviours, and biased societal hierarchy directed at members of a subgroup. It includes stereotyping, labeling, exclusion, and marginalisation of the stigmatized persons in a societal state of affairs ( Corrigan A ; Wassel, 2008 ) . Most late, public wellness issues related to stigma faced by people with mental unwellness have become recognized planetary wellness concerns. Thornicroft and Maingay ( 2002 ) estimates that about 450 million people world-wide battle with mental wellness issues at one clip or another, which accounts for 31 % of all old ages lived with the unwellness albeit sing important planetary differences. That said, the stigma and marginalisation linked with terrible mental unwellness tend to do it more hard for people fighting with mental wellness jobs to take advantage of the current available interventions, therefore farther impeding their recovery and assimilation ( Overton A ; Medina, 2008 ) . This resonates with the Surgeon General s study ( 1999 ) , where stigma was recognized as the most of import hindrance in the intervention of mental upsets. Emerging literature uncovering the negative effects of stigma on mental unwellness has prompted wellness bureaus to get down developing plans designed to cut down, if non wholly prevent stigma. The World Health Organization ( WHO, 2001 ) , in their study explored ways to face and cut down stigma, including developing and advancing anti-stigma runs and plans through coaction with non-government organisations. A figure of on-line plans against stigma of mental unwellness were besides developed to tackle the potency of the cyberspace and other related media in get the better ofing stigma beyond the local degree. As apparent from these enterprises, stigma is now by and large recognized as a cosmopolitan issue that will necessitate to be addressed on many degrees, affecting the coaction and partnership between authorities, health care establishments, and non-government organisations. Analysis of the Problem Stigma associated with mental unwellness deeply resides in the complex societal phenomenon between persons and their battle with others, and accordingly, can be understood from the symbolic interaction model ( Blumer, 1969 ) ; every bit good as Kleinman s ( 1988 ) theory of societal constructivism as it relates to illness. Chandra and Minkovitz ( 2006 ) highlight the close impossibleness for an person to non be influenced by social norms ; they are learned early on and are nurtured within the household and immediate community. This can be observed in how society even countenances this moral force of self-identification with mental unwellness in its usage of mundane linguistic communication ( Rusch, Angermeyer, A ; Corrigan, 2005 ) . This is clearly apparent when persons are referred to or identified by their mental unwellness. She s bi-polar, would look more convenient than saying She struggles with bi-polar upset. Sadly, one time an person has been labeled, the labeling does non discontinue even when the person s status improves ( Hinshaw, 2005 ) . In add-on, incrimination is invariably acknowledged as a chief factor that leads to stigma ( Sandelowski, Lambe, A ; Barroso, 2004 ) . Research demonstrates how the procedure of stigmatisation is strongly linked to the grade of control an person is perceived to hold over his or her unwellness, including the grade of duty the single accepts as a consequence. Case in point: mental unwellness ensuing from encephalon tumour is perceived as less stigmatizing by striplings, as compared to unexplained mental unwellness ( Corrigan, et al. , 2005 ) . To contrast leukaemia with bi-polar upset with regard to comprehend control, bi-polar is perceived to caused since it is frequently characterized as something to make with compulsive behaviours and substance maltreatment, while leukaemia is understood more as something that happens randomly ( Sandelowski, Lambe, A ; Barroso ) . Traveling beyond the doctor s diagnosing, Kleinman s theory explored the narrations that each individual, their household, and immediate community bring to the apprehension of unwellness. Kleinman underscored the significance of the narratives environing the unwellness and how it is shaped by the patient. Kleinman is chiefly concerned in the narratives of individuals who are fighting from chronic unwellness. He makes it a point to distinguish disease from unwellness. Disease pertains to the job from the doctor s point of view ; while unwellness refer to the patient and his or her household s apprehension and grasp of the job and how they put forth the attempt to turn to the state of affairs ( Kleinman ) . Harmonizing to Kleinman, socialisation ensues when narratives related to unwellness are shared and explored among the patient and their households. It is of import to observe that while Kleinman does non indicate specifically to societal constructivism in the articulation of his theory, the impression of shared significance is embedded throughout his work. Pulling from his observations of the societal constructions of assorted civilizations, Kleinman asserts the significance that the patient s immediate community ascribes to the unwellness is more of import than the existent physical symptoms and forecast of the disease. For illustration, a individual who presents with symptoms of depression may non mind the physician s referral for therapy if his immediate societal context does non back such class of action. This can take to farther complications and can be a beginning of defeat for both the patient and doctor. Furthermore, the difference of sentiment can ensue in unfavourable inter vention results. From the societal alteration perspective Kleinman s theory provides the juncture to look beyond the immediate jobs of mental unwellness and appreciate the potency for alteration. This stance becomes more of import given that society is going more culturally diverse, and where psychologists are deemed built-in to advance thoughts that initiate societal alteration to modern health care quandary.

A view from a bridge work book Essay Example for Free

A view from a bridge work book Essay ? Dear Miss Fisher, I have finished reading a view from a bridge & put notes on the power point sheets however I then looked back on it & realised it was illegible! So I wrote it up here, is that ok I’m sorry for the inconvenience, & it won’t happen again. Sorry again, Daisy 🙂 A view from the bridge. 15th September. Research tasks: Who was Arthur Miller? Find autobiographical information about the playwright. Arthur Miller, playwright from New York, became a journalist, worked with Italian immigrants during WWII. Which gave him an outlook Into the Sicilian dreams & inspiration for â€Å"A View From The Bridge. † Miller’s first play flopped, but his second; â€Å"All My Sons† was a massive success. He divorced his first wife in 1961 & married Marilyn Munroe, the reason for this is unknown as apparently they were never really in love & divorced in 1963, it is thought Monroe married him for intelligence & milled married Monroe for beauty, Miller then wrote a play â€Å"After The Fall† that is thought to be based on their relationship. Miller died in 2005. Which other plays has Arthur miller written? Do they have any common themes? â€Å"After The Fall†, â€Å"The Prince†, â€Å"The Archbishop’s Ceiling†, â€Å"The Clock†, â€Å"Broken Glass†, â€Å"All My Sons†, â€Å"Death Of A Salesman†, â€Å"Crucible†. A common theme of Arthur Miller’s play was the examining of an individual in relation to their authority; this means the plays are often considered political. Where is Brooklyn? What was it like in the 1940’s? Who lived & worked there? What sort of environment was it? What’s it like now? Brooklyn is a borough of New York; in the 1940s it had a large Italian population due to the ports near the bridge. Brooklyn was split in two it had the middle class areas such as Flatbush & working class areas like Red Hook, the setting for â€Å"A View The Bridge. † In the mid to late 1940s Brooklyn was enjoying a good period the gang violence was, all though easily noticed, small. As Brooklyn reached the end of the 1940s the borough began a period of decline & by the early 1950s gangsters were ripe & until the 1980s it was classed as a bad place to live. People from all over Europe lived & worked in Brooklyn it also had a large African-American community. Brooklyn now has a safer & cleaner track record with very little gang violence & a large business district the 3rd largest in New York State. Which groups of people immigrated to the United States in the 1940’s? What was life like for them when they arrived? The main groups of people immigrating to the United States in the 1940s were European, particularly Italians & Russians. When they first arrived life would be tough they would usually leave their homelands with nothing & have to find jobs & work quickly so they could live out their own â€Å"American Dream†. Find out as much as you can about Italian-American communities†¦ Which television programmes & films include Italian-American characters? How do they talk? Is this community stereotyped? What values can you identify in this community? The most famous film on Italian-Americans would probably be â€Å"Scarface† a movie based on Italian-American gangster Al Capone, the Italian-American community is stereotyped as a very tight family, which it represents in gangs or mobs, the Italian-American dialect is varied through out Brooklyn, Bugs Bunny has an accent based on the Flatbush dialect. Wikipedia – â€Å"Italian Americans are higher in the rate & degree of the tensing & rising of (oh) & (aeh) than that of Jewish American New Yorkers. † The values of the communities of Italian Americans seem as though they all run everything as a family business, & a tight knit friendship group. What is a ‘tragedy’? Find out the main features or conventions of this type of play. Make sure you go right back to Greek tragedy. A Greek tragedy is a form of art portraying human suffering causing audience pleasure this form has been modernised to usually end a play in a death where all characters end in despair, or worse off than they were at the beginning. Alfieri’s first speech. What have we learnt about the people who live in Red Hook? We have learnt from the opening speech from Alfieri that Red Hook was the slum of Brooklyn & the gullet of New York, Red Hook is portrayed as very violent with no care for the law, but it is now ore civilised & getting better, people are no longer as scared as they were, as Alfieri says: â€Å"I no longer feel the need to keep a gun† It shows Red Hook at one time was extremely intimidating & bad but now much better. Alfieri goes onto mention how his relatives often tell him not to get involved with cases, this shows the Italian-American-tight knit-family-like-ness & how his business seems to be everyone’s business. What does Alfieri mean when he says â€Å"justice is very important† here? When Alfieri says â€Å"justice is very important here† he is using a bit of sarcasm he is commenting on how people do feel justice is important but their own personal justice not the government’s justice. & How people can commit murder believing it is all right because of there own justice. However you feel a sense of irony as he is a lawyer speaking & he is discussing justice that he may well deal with in court. The fact he is a lawyer also shows there is work for lawyers in Red Hook so some sort of governed justice is important. Now the people â€Å"settle for half† instead of using a gun for justice, what does that mean? Alfieri’s comment â€Å"now the people settle for half† is commenting on now that Red Hook has been cleaned up a bit his services a called on more & although it means the person against the allegations may not be killed he will be brought to governed justice & possible face prison. Eddie’s story is not like the ‘petty troubles of the poor. ‘ Why might he come to see Alfieri? Eddie’s story is not like the petty troubles of the poor because we realise through out the book that aside from the immigrants in his house being illegal, they have actually done nothing wrong & although his allegations against Rodolfo being gay are also wrong, it is not illegal to be gay. Alfieri also deals mainly in family squabbles, evictions & compensation cases, but Eddie’s is different because it’s more about jealousy & revenge. A view from a bridge work book. (2017, Oct 08).

What are the effects if the government implement of Good-and-Services Essay

What are the effects if the government implement of Good-and-Services Tax (GST) in Hong Kong with the aim of broaden the tax base in Hong Kong - Essay Example Usually the problem arises because it is politically difficult to lower the demand for expenditure growth and to raise revenue to match government’s tendency to spend more and more. Almost all political systems, democracies included, have this problem. Fortunately for Hong Kong, the Basic Law provides a kind of constitutional limitation of budget deficits. According to professor William Baumol, â€Å"another reason that the public spending tend to rise faster than revenues stems from the fact that the most important component of public spending is civil service remuneration†(Fiscal Issues) Sometimes, volatility can mask what is essentially a structural issue. In a good year, when revenue increases, so does spending. In a bad year, however spending does not decrease when revenue does. If spending always grew to match growth in revenue, over time, spending would exceed revenue. This volatility is really structural imbalance between spending and revenue. Baumol further sta tes, â€Å"the rising share of public expenditure in GDP and the faster growth of recurrent spending over recurrent revenue are the main structural problems with the Hong Kong budget†(Fiscal Issue) In some countries – as for instance, most of the European countries – the reforms consists of a gradual process of adaptation. As a consequence the tax systems in operation in the 30 OECD member countries today are fundamentally different from those which operated in the mid-1980’s.

Discussion and problem solving questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion and problem solving questions - Essay Example It is also great storage of large digital files like digital music and digital photos/movies (http://www.iwebtool.com/what_is_dvd-rw.html). 3. With the capability to store digital music, the audio CD has revolutionized the way we play and listen to recorded music. Now music can be downloaded over the Internet and played on PCs, solid-state MP3 players, and other electronic devices. Does this signal the beginning of the end of the audio CD? Explain. Now that music can be easily down loaded from the Internet, it seems that audio CDs are actually in danger of extinction just like those vinyl LPs of old times. Young people today are incapable of listening to one whole album due to the short attention span they have. The consumers of the world today cannot be forced to buy one whole album when what they want is just that one song or music they can download from the Internet so easily (Meagher, 2009). 4. Today’s continuous speech-recognition systems are able to interpret spoken words more accurately when the user talks in phrases. Why would this approach be more accurate than discrete speech where the user speaks one word at a time with a slight separation between words? There are two types of speech recognition software; the discreet and continuous. The latter is the latest technology that is capable of reading the speech which is spoken continuously. Speech recognition is definitely helpful tool for professionals and students who are doing a lot of typing, but it is also a helpful tool for people with disability. Continuous speech recognition is better and more accurate than discreet, because it allows the user to talk in a more natural and comfortable manner, but it requires higher specified PCs. It requires higher RAM and faster processor (Davis, 1999). 5. Describe the benefits of using a notebook PC, in conjunction with an LCD projector during a formal business presentation as opposed to the traditional alternative (transparency acetates and an

The Possibility of Extra-Terrestrial Life Research Paper

The Possibility of Extra-Terrestrial Life - Research Paper Example Cox and Rees begin to contemplate the possibility, the arguments in favor of life beyond the blue planet tend to gain more credibility. However, the question is not about which side of the argument has greater credibility or even about getting the majority to agree with or refute the theory. When the issue in question has to be proved or disproved, only conclusive evidence should be included. Speculations, whether educated or misinformed, are still speculations only. In the absence of verifiable, conclusive proof, the status quo remains unchanged. Extra-terrestrial life cannot be assumed to exist till such irrefutable evidence is presented. This paper seeks to substantiate this claim by first discussing expert opinions on the issue, and how despite their scholarly backing the opinions remain speculative; then, by exploring how alleged encounters with aliens are possibly nothing more than psychological condition; and finally by looking at the implications of this kind of unrestrained speculation. Apart from the opinions of the scientists mentioned in the introduction, experiences of other experts who have dedicated their careers to researching this possibility are well-documented. Jacques F. Vallee in his paper â€Å"Five Arguments Against the Extraterrestrial Origin of Unidentified Flying Objects†, advances alternatives to the two conclusions that either Ufo does not exist or if they do, they must necessarily be from outer space. In the summarization of his arguments, Vallee declares: (1) unexplained close encounters are far more numerous than required for any physical survey of the earth; (2) the humanoid body structure of the alleged "aliens" is not likely to have originated on another planet and is not biologically adapted to space travel; (3) the reported behaviour in thousands of abduction reports contradicts the hypothesis of genetic or scientific experimentation on humans by an advanced race; (4) the extension of the phenomenon.

Personal and profesional development Assignment

Personal and profesional development - Assignment Example The management decisions of the learning process need to balance between the teacher and the student. Some decisions keep revolving in the whole process. Some of the decisions will come from the teacher who guides the student while some will originate from the student since they involve the personal values and what the student will feel needs inculcating in them. Although these decisions balance between the teacher and the student, some will entirely lie in the teacher’s hands. These may involve decisions with the study curriculum, low structure tasks lie in the student’s decision line and they may have the student rely the decisions basing on the teachers guidance. Three essential dimensions need involvement in all the aspects of training and self-management. These are planning, implementation, and the evaluation processes (David, 1996, p.3). Lifelong learning process stems from a system that develops in the student from the learning stage. Evidence to this determined by how the student handles and controls his activities and decisions during the learning process. The planning process runs and develops as the student grows and the time this person takes to depends on the level of experience and personal controls of life. Life continues in the series of learning processes that only end when one decreases from the world. The learning process continues and so the need to develop a person in life features and the needs that they may have on their life and planning. Self-managed learning is about the individuals managing their own learning. This involves dealing with taking responsibility for decisions in their learning processes. This involves the decisions of what they learn, when they do the learning, how they do learn and where they learn. The most fundamental of them being why they learn that leads to the answers that give the student their quest. This involves the students deciding the learning goals and objectives that help the

Cultural event report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Cultural event report - Essay Example Indeed it was a beautiful sight as we passed through the garden and entered in to the main hall which was full of visitors. Majority of people present in the hall were renowned artists who were there solely for the sake of praising the art of African Americans. A large number of paintings and sculptures were placed on display. However, the most significant feature of the gallery included paintings gifted by Andrew W. Mellon in 1920. In addition to this I found following two very special pieces of art. It was a wonder work by an American artist Jacob Lawrence (1917-200). This distinctive painting was made using graphite and tempera on wave paper. As the name indicates it was a picture reflecting the streets of crowded busy outdoor Nigerian market. Shops were shown on either side of the street and people were captured busy in making purchases. The colors were used in such an artist manner that the viewer could image himself a part of the crowd, who is able to hear different sounds, buy and sell goods, etc. Additionally a dissonance of primary colors finely tuned the overall sense of upheaval. This was yet another unique painting of its type featuring a tripled image such that the viewer could see one man from three different dimensions as a single captured subject. The Painting was made using oil on canvas and this distinctive piece of art was the creation of Barkley Leonnard Hendricks. The picture clearly reflected the culture and fashion of 1970’s in the era of civil rights. Very few colors were used in the painting and therefore it was giving a complete natural look. We reached there at around 12 pm on a bright sunny day. It was chilly winter and the sunshine was feeling like a blessing. The distance was about 50 kilometers from my residence and we covered it in around 20 minutes. The National Gallery of Art is built upon a very large area with a huge garden of approximately 6 acres.

The Possibility of Extra-Terrestrial Life Research Paper

The Possibility of Extra-Terrestrial Life - Research Paper Example Cox and Rees begin to contemplate the possibility, the arguments in favor of life beyond the blue planet tend to gain more credibility. However, the question is not about which side of the argument has greater credibility or even about getting the majority to agree with or refute the theory. When the issue in question has to be proved or disproved, only conclusive evidence should be included. Speculations, whether educated or misinformed, are still speculations only. In the absence of verifiable, conclusive proof, the status quo remains unchanged. Extra-terrestrial life cannot be assumed to exist till such irrefutable evidence is presented. This paper seeks to substantiate this claim by first discussing expert opinions on the issue, and how despite their scholarly backing the opinions remain speculative; then, by exploring how alleged encounters with aliens are possibly nothing more than psychological condition; and finally by looking at the implications of this kind of unrestrained speculation. Apart from the opinions of the scientists mentioned in the introduction, experiences of other experts who have dedicated their careers to researching this possibility are well-documented. Jacques F. Vallee in his paper â€Å"Five Arguments Against the Extraterrestrial Origin of Unidentified Flying Objects†, advances alternatives to the two conclusions that either Ufo does not exist or if they do, they must necessarily be from outer space. In the summarization of his arguments, Vallee declares: (1) unexplained close encounters are far more numerous than required for any physical survey of the earth; (2) the humanoid body structure of the alleged "aliens" is not likely to have originated on another planet and is not biologically adapted to space travel; (3) the reported behaviour in thousands of abduction reports contradicts the hypothesis of genetic or scientific experimentation on humans by an advanced race; (4) the extension of the phenomenon.

Cultural event report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Cultural event report - Essay Example Indeed it was a beautiful sight as we passed through the garden and entered in to the main hall which was full of visitors. Majority of people present in the hall were renowned artists who were there solely for the sake of praising the art of African Americans. A large number of paintings and sculptures were placed on display. However, the most significant feature of the gallery included paintings gifted by Andrew W. Mellon in 1920. In addition to this I found following two very special pieces of art. It was a wonder work by an American artist Jacob Lawrence (1917-200). This distinctive painting was made using graphite and tempera on wave paper. As the name indicates it was a picture reflecting the streets of crowded busy outdoor Nigerian market. Shops were shown on either side of the street and people were captured busy in making purchases. The colors were used in such an artist manner that the viewer could image himself a part of the crowd, who is able to hear different sounds, buy and sell goods, etc. Additionally a dissonance of primary colors finely tuned the overall sense of upheaval. This was yet another unique painting of its type featuring a tripled image such that the viewer could see one man from three different dimensions as a single captured subject. The Painting was made using oil on canvas and this distinctive piece of art was the creation of Barkley Leonnard Hendricks. The picture clearly reflected the culture and fashion of 1970’s in the era of civil rights. Very few colors were used in the painting and therefore it was giving a complete natural look. We reached there at around 12 pm on a bright sunny day. It was chilly winter and the sunshine was feeling like a blessing. The distance was about 50 kilometers from my residence and we covered it in around 20 minutes. The National Gallery of Art is built upon a very large area with a huge garden of approximately 6 acres.

Consider the impact Essay Example for Free

Consider the impact Essay In the poem Afternoons by Philip Larkin the closing lines are an effective conclusion top the poem as a whole. The closing lines conclude the fact that young mothers are being repressed by society and that they are being forced into a dull joyless life. Afternoons is based around young mothers looking after their children. The pressures of society have forced them into marrying young and having children. Due to this they have lost all the joy in their lives and are settling down into a dull meaningless life. The closing lines of afternoons state that Something is pushing them To the side of their own lives This effectively concludes the poem as it refers closely to the poems main theme which is developed throughout the poem. The last lines sum up the fact that the pressures of society have forced the mothers into the dull lives that they are currently living. The idea that the young mothers have lost their lives is developed through the whole of the poem. It is effectively introduced in the opening lines of the poem where the poet states Summer is fading Leaves fall in ones and twos, from Trees bordering the recreation ground Summer is a metaphor for the lives of the young mothers which are fading away. Summer is the high point in the mothers lives which is quickly becoming merely a memory. The leaves are symbolic of the mothers. They have lost all colour and vitality in their lives and are fading away just like a leaf when it falls off a tree. The idea that the mothers are living a dull life is continued when the poet says In the hollows of afternoons Young mothers assemble At swing and Sandpit Setting free their children The fact that the afternoons are hollow to the mothers tells us how empty their lives have become. The word Assemble suggests that the young mothers dont enjoy what they are doing. Taking their children to the play park is a chore to the mothers and they have little joy doing so. The fact that they are setting free their children shows us that they are focusing entirely on them. They are not wanting the childrens lives to turn out like theirs did. They are giving them some joy in their lives. The idea that the mothers are expected to look after their children is clarified when the poet says Behind them at intervals Stand husbands in skilled trades The fact that their husbands are standing behind them tells us that they are not wanting to get involved with the children. The husbands are leaving the job of looking after their children on the mothers. The husbands expect the young mothers to look after the children entirely on their own. The play is set in the 60s in a time where young mothers were expected to devote all their attention to their husbands and children and forget about themselves. Society expected this of them and so do the husbands. The fact that the husbands are in skilled trades highlights that they themselves live relatively interesting lives. This is in sharp contrast to the dull, joyless lives that their wives have and helps emphasise the powers of the expectations of society. The main point that the mothers lives have changed is further shown when the poet says that the albums labelled Our Wedding are lying near the television . The juxtaposition between the wedding albums, symbolising the best day of the mothers lives and the fact that they are lying near the television symbolising passiveness and routine helps emphasise the extent in which the young mothers lives have changed. Their lives have clearly gone downhill form the wedding day and they are stuck in their boring, monotonous lives with little hope of things changing. The theme that the young womens lives have changed for the worse is finalised when the poet says Before them the wind is ruining their courting places, that are still courting places but the lovers are all in school The wind is symbolic of a force for change which in this case is the pressures of society. The fact that the courting places have been ruined helps highlight how the mothers lives have changed in a relatively short time. The idea that they are still occupied helps show the cycle within the era of women leaving school marrying and having children at as young age. This helps highlight the pressure of society that are forever bearing. The children are following the same path that the young mothers led and will soon turn out just like them. As you can clearly see the final lines something is pushing them to the side of their own lives is a very effective conclusion to the passage as a whole. The closing lines help clarify that the main reason for the mothers unhappiness is due to the expectation of society that have forced them into marrying young and having a family. The main ideas of the poem are effectively conveyed throughout and are very effectively concluded with the ending lines.